图片性爱录像带性爱录像带
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大伊香蕉在线观看视频图片
图片开端:Sharifi G, Amin Darozzarbi AA, Paraandavaji E, Lotfinia M, Kazemi MA, Hajikarimloo B, Jafari A, Mohammadi E, Davoudi Z, Akbari Dilmaghani N. Vertical triband flag sign for differential diagnosis of Rathke's cleft cyst. World Neurosurg X. 2023 Dec 12;21:100260.
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Axial and sagittal non-contrast CT (A-C), T1WI (D), T2WI (E) FLAIR (F), SWI (G), DWI (H) and gadolinium enhanced T1WI (I) showing an intrasphenoidal cystic lesion. Notice small T1-weighted hyperintense and T2-weighted hypointense nodule with blooming in SWI. Contrast enhanced T1WI shows rim enhancement with internal enhancing septa-like structure. Axial T2WI (J), sagittal T1WI (K) and contrast enhanced T1WI (L) showing recurred mass at 11-month follow-up. CT, computed tomography; T1WI, T1-weighted imaging; T2WI, T2-weighted imaging; FLAIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery; SWI, susceptibility weighted imaging; DWI, diffusion weighted imaging.图片开端:Lee DI, Lee KM, Kim EJ. Huge intrasphenoidal Rathke's cleft cyst: a case description and analysis of the literature. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2023 Dec 1;13(12):8864-8868.
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Brain MRI sagittal section images at the midline of Patients 1, 2, 5, and 9. The depth of the anterior pituitary gland (bracket) is marked on the images. A pituitary Rathke cleft cyst was found in Patient 9 (arrow) 图片开端:Hsu RH, Lee NC, Chen HA, Hwu WL, Chang TM, Chien YH. Late-onset symptomatic hyperprolactinemia in 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023 Nov 10;18(1):351.
2.松果体囊肿先天性松果体囊肿格外多见,大多无临床症状,部分患者可有头痛等证实。大体标本证实为光滑柔滑的单房囊肿,囊壁为黄褐色或黄色,囊内容物为澄清的液体或呈黄色,囊内可含有出血因素。关于松果体囊肿和/或松果体囊性变的造成机制不解,有以下几种学说:①是一种平素变异;②由原本应分化为神经胶质的原始细胞残留演变为囊肿;③因第三脑室顶部闭合贬抑残留造成囊肿;④松果体本体发生液化、囊变造成囊肿;⑤在胚胎发育中,内衬于原始脑室系统的神经上皮发生折叠、内卷或外翻,造成一袋状囊腔,凸向脑室内或伸出脑室外,袋颈离断,造成囊肿。松果体囊肿囊壁组织学上分为三层:最外层为纤维结缔组织层;中间层由松果体本体因素组成;内层为神经胶质细胞层,常伴有含铁血黄素的千里着。图片
Midsagittal MR CISS before (A) and after surgery (B) demonstrating a pineal cyst leading to a narrowed Sylvian aqueduct (arrow) without hydrocephalus.
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A Skin incision; greater occipital nerve (N). B Craniotomy exposing the transverse sinus. C Dural incision alongside the transverse sinus. D and E Dissection of bridging vein (V). F Pineal cyst (C) surrounded by thick arachnoid (A). G Bimanual dissection. H Resected pineal cyst (C). I + J Endoscopic view into the third ventricle showing massa intermedia (M) and posterior commissure (PC). K Endoscopic view to the roof of the third ventricle with a 45° endoscope shows the large internal cerebral veins (IV). L Microscopic view of the resection cavity showing gross total cyst resection. M Preservation of the bridging vein after cyst removal. N Dural closure. O Bone flap fixation with miniplates 图片开端:Fleck S, Damaty AE, Lange I, Matthes M, Rafaee EE, Marx S, Baldauf J, Schroeder HWS. Pineal cysts without hydrocephalus: microsurgical resection via an infratentorial-supracerebellar approach-surgical strategies, complications, and their avoidance. Neurosurg Rev. 2022 Oct; 45(5): 3327-3337.先天性松果体囊肿在CT、MRI上多证实为圆形或卵形囊性病变,80%的囊肿直径<1cm,囊壁薄而均匀,厚度一般≤2mm,光滑齐全,与灰质呈等信号或等密度;囊内容物的CT值与脑脊液接近或稍高于脑脊液,信号强度呈近似于脑脊液的长T1长T2水样信号,在T1WI上55%~60%囊肿内容物信号强度稍高于脑脊液,在FLAIR像上囊液呈低信号,信号强度稍高于脑脊液,增强扫描60%囊肿出现囊壁轻中度强化。图片
(a) Midline sagittal FIESTA magnetic resonance imaging showing a large pineal cyst with an intracystic hemorrhage. (b) Midline sagittal FIESTA magnetic resonance imaging showing an average sized pineal cyst. (c) T1-weighted image with contrast-enhancement showing a small sized pineal cyst.图片
Intraoperative illustration of the pineal cyst resection stage. After the pineal cyst (1) is emptied, its capsule is gently separated from the posterior (2) and habenular (3) commissures preserving their anatomical integrity. The third ventricle is exposed through the pineal (4) and suprapineal (5) recesses. 图片开端:Konovalov A, Pitskhelauri D, Serova N, Shishkina L, Abramov I. Pineal cyst management: A single-institution experience spanning two decades. Surg Neurol Int. 2022 Aug 12; 13:350. 先天性松果体囊肿需要与囊性松果体细胞瘤、松果体区蛛网膜囊肿及表皮样囊肿进行鉴识。蛛网膜囊肿无囊肿壁骄傲,对比增强无囊壁强化。松果体区表皮样囊肿很有数,囊肿柔滑,莫得张力,有“无孔不钻”的特质,况且在磁共振迷漫加权成像上囊肿呈高信号,二者鉴识不难。松果体囊肿最主如果和囊性松果体细胞瘤进行鉴识,囊性松果体细胞瘤为松果体细胞瘤肿块里面发生囊变,一般囊壁不规整,可见壁结节,增强扫描囊壁及壁结节强化赫然,当肿块较大时可出现占位效应。而松果体囊肿一般囊壁较薄,厚度均一,强化进度较轻,很少有壁结节,一般不出现占位效应。但也有文件报说念松果体囊肿也可出现囊壁不划定及壁结节强化,况且松果体细胞瘤和松果体囊肿均滋长安稳,随访不雅察对二者鉴识会诊价值不大。关于有症状的患者,必要时需要进行CT、MRI指挥下的立体定向活检。REF.邱立军,原小军,乔宏伟.先天性松果体囊肿CT及MRI会诊分析[J].中国煤炭工业医学杂志,2012,15(02):186-188.
3.胶样囊肿该病最早是由Wallmann于1858年形色,于1922年由William Dandy实施了第一例第三脑室胶样囊肿切除术。该病发病率极低,海外报说念约莫发病率在悉数颅内肿瘤中的比例约为0.2%~2%,可发生于任何年事,但症状大皆出现于20~50岁之间。胶样囊肿发源于神经上皮组织,属于先天性神经上皮性囊肿,为脑室室管膜、端倪膜丛在造成经由中变异而成。该类肿瘤大皆发源于脑室系统,其中99%发源于第三脑室孟氏孔周围,多证实为第三脑室胶样囊肿。第三脑室胶样囊肿CT证实频繁为高密度,少数也不错证实为等密度或低密度。最常见的证实是T1WI高信号,T2WI高信号,胶样囊肿本体无强化,边际可有或无强化,强化原因与囊壁含血管干系。Khoury等觉得囊肿的MRI信号及CT密度响应了囊肿内容物的推动度,T2WI低信号及CT高密度的囊肿内容物更为推动,这为术前养息决策的评估提供了一定的参考。
患者可能长久莫得症状,而一朝第三脑室胶样囊肿滋长到一定大小,可在第三脑室产生计瓣作用致使堵塞第三脑室,导致急性阻碍性脑积水症状,常有剧烈头痛伴恶心吐逆,视力下落,癫痫发作致使导致患者暴毙。还有部分患者尽管莫得脑积水症状,但证实为顺行性渐忘、幻嗅等精神症状,原因洽商为肿瘤径直压迫第三脑室周围结构产生的以精神症状为主的证实。部分急性脑积水灾者转变头位症状可有缓解,洽商为第三脑室再通脑脊液轮回稍流畅所致。暴毙原因洽商为急性脑积水导致脑疝或肿瘤径直刺激下丘脑致功能絮聒致心跳骤停。还有学者报说念少量数胶样囊肿有同一出血时事,而一但发生,易出现急性阻碍性脑积水症状,这亦然导致患者暴毙的原因。由于胶样囊肿的瘤壁极为微薄,有学者报说念曾有一例患者胶样囊肿自愿突破,致严重无菌性脑炎而需蹙迫处置。鉴于此,大皆学者目标脑室胶样囊肿一但发现应尽快手术养息,以防远期并发症。脑室胶样囊肿的大小一般为5~25mm。小的脑室胶样囊肿可能长久莫得症状,而一但大于10mm,可能出现严重症状。Turel等学者觉得若第三脑室胶样囊肿较小,小于10mm,且无任何症状,脑室系统无扩大的患者不错密切不雅察保守养息,提议每年复查头颅核磁不雅察病变情况。但凡有临床症状的胶样囊肿随意最大径大于10mm的脑室胶样囊肿一但发现应尽快手术养息,以防远期严重并发症。而直径小于10mm且无任何临床症状,脑室系统无扩大的,需向患者及家属施展病情,聚会患者家钟原意,决定行手术养息或密切不雅察随访。该病养息的诡计主如果全切胶样囊肿,铲除邻近压迫,清爽脑脊液轮回通路。主要有立体定向胶样囊肿穿刺、开颅囊肿切除术和内镜下囊肿切除术。由于立体定向胶样囊肿穿刺很难剥净囊壁,易复发,现时国表里主法子受后两种手术决策。
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REF.周加华,冯达云,杨迪等.脑室胶样囊肿的临床特质及会诊养息[J].中华神经外科疾病推敲杂志,2018,17(03):245-248.图片
Localization of the cyst in the third ventricle (A). The cyst was wedged between the splayed columns of the fornix, not obstructing the left foramen of Monro (B). A viscous substance hardened after formalin fixation with a thin fibrous capsule was observed when the cyst was sectioned (C,D).图片
Combined double mechanisms underlying the sudden death due to a colloid cyst of the third ventricle. 图片开端:Montana A, Busardò FP, Tossetta G, Goteri G, Castaldo P, Basile G, Bambagiotti G. Diagnostic Methods in Forensic Pathology: Autoptic Findings and Immunohistochemical Study in Cases of Sudden Death Due to a Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Jan 1;14(1):100.图片
MRI showing an obstructive hydrocephalus measuring 21.8 mm (labelled). A colloid cyst measuring 9 mm is present (arrow). 图片开端:Nadeem A, Espinosa J, Lucerna A. Colloid Cyst Presenting With Severe Headache and Bilateral Leg Weakness: Case Report and Review. Cureus. 2023 Nov 24;15(11):e49347.图片
Axial CT images without contrast demonstrate a well-defined homogeneous hypodense nodular lesion (blue arrows) located between the foramina of Monro and the anterior portion of the third ventricle, causing symmetrical expansion of the lateral ventricles (red arrows).
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(A) Coronal T2-weighted MR images at different levels better characterize the described lesion as a well-defined fluid-filled cystic mass (blue arrows) located in the midline, in the topography of the anterior portion of the third ventricle, obstructing the foramina of Monro with resultant marked hydrocephalus (white arrows). (B) Axial FLAIR image demonstrates a still hyperintense signal exhibited by the described lesion (blue arrows), even with CSF signal suppression, postulating a higher protein content within the lesion compared to CSF. Some periventricular areas also exhibit hyperintense signals (red arrows), consistent with the transependymal flow caused by the existing obstructive hydrocephalus. (C) Axial T1-weighted MR image demonstrates an isointense signal exhibited by the lesion with no signs of enhancement postcontrast administration (blue arrows) (D).图片
Macroscopic picture of the contents of the lesion approached by endoscopy, after being exposed to controlled freezing and peeling off the covering capsule, revealing mucoid material of different textures and colors. 图片开端:Mansour MA, Khalil DF, Hamdi A, Bayoumi M, El-Salamoni MA, Elsoulia A, Lasheen AA, Kamel AE, Nawara M, Ayad AA. Intraventricular sizeable colloid cyst with atypical radiological features: A case report and evidence-based review. Radiol Case Rep. 2023 Aug 15;18(10):3753-3758.
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CT 示室间孔旁圆形高密度结节1.0×1.0 第3
CT 示室间孔旁圆形高密度结节1.0×1.0 第3脑室以上略扩大性爱录像带,无强化。开端:刘红权,王志杰.胶样囊肿的CT与MR影像会诊5例[J].中国当代医师,2010,48(27):94-95.
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